utilityu定義(續)

去除常見的Utility定義(一般經濟學定義)，只能找出以下兩個較為不同的定義，說明較為詳細的是Philip Jacobs & John Rapoport書中所提及的定義，其utility定義共有三個 (附有citation)，若此定義仍無法適切說明utility的話，可能得重新討論定義之方向，或從特定理論著手。

1. Utility is an index of preferences that can most easily be understood as a measure of satisfaction. Utility represents satisfaction or the level of welfare of an individual, measured in cardinal or ordinal utility term.

(The Economics of Health and Health Care 4th Ed, Sherman Folland, Allen C. Goodman, Miron Stano,2004, New York: Pearson Prentice Hall)

2. Utility:
(1) An index comparing various levels of an individuals’ satisfaction with alternative quantities of specified goods, services, or situations under certainty. The index that allows the quantification of differences between the levels us called cardinal utility
(Reference: Pigou, 1960, The Economics of welfare. London: Macmillan).

(2) A ranking of alternative bundles of goods and services under certainty, on the basis of better, equal, or worse, with no indication as to degrees of satisfaction (Ordinal utility).

(3) A ranking of alternative risky situations on the basis of an individual’s own preferences regarding probabilities (von Neumann-Morgenstern utility).
(Reference:Torrance et al, 1995, Multi-attribute preference functions, Pharmaco-Economics, 7:503-520.)

From book：The Economics of Health and Medical Care 5th Ed, Philip Jacobs & John Rapoport, Maryland:Aspen.

utility定義

效用 (Utility) 定義

『中文』部分
1. 效用為物品滿足人類慾望的能力。物品本身無所謂效用，是人們消費後才產生的。效用是一種主觀感受，因人而異。(陳超塵，1996，台灣商務印書館:台北，經濟學原理)
2. 效用是指財貨或勞務對消費者產生滿足慾望的一種感受。效用是消費者的一種滿足感，屬於一種心理狀態，是消費者對任何一種財貨或勞務的主觀 (subjective) 感受。(歐陽勛，1991，三民：台北，經濟學原理)
3. 效用是指經濟主體從物品的消費可得到的主觀上的滿足。因為效用是個人主觀上的滿足，所以我們只能比較各種無品對某個人的不同的效用，而不能比較兩個人之間的效用。因此，效用只能做「個人之內的比較」(intrapersonal comparison)，而不能做「個人之間的比較」(interpersonal comparison)。
（1）計數效用 (cardinal utility)：由孟格 (C. Manger)、華爾勒斯 (L. Walras) 及哲文斯 (W.S. Jevons) 同時提出。認為效用是經濟主體從物品的消費可得到的主觀上的滿足，而這種滿足的程度，猶如物品的重量一樣，可以測量。
（2）序列效用(ordinal utility)：巴萊圖(V. Pareto)認為消費者對自己喜好的強度，雖不能用數目表示其大小，但他必定知道他對各種物品喜好的順序[即自己的偏好(preference)]。譬如對A的喜好勝過B，對B的喜好勝過於C。(郭婉容，1994，三民:台北，個體效用經濟學)
4. 效用為個人消費各種物品或服務後，所獲得的滿足程度。(盧瑞芬、謝啟瑞，2000，學富：台北，醫療經濟學)
5. 效用是衡量人們消費(consumption)行為滿足慾望程度的指標。(張清溪、許嘉棟、劉鶯釧、吳聰敏，1995，翰蘆:台北，經濟學：理論與實際，三版上冊)

『英文』部分
1. Consumers experience both satisfaction and dissatisfaction (economics call it utility and disutility) as a result of the economic decisions they make. Thus, people must have definite performance as to the outcomes of their economics decisions. (Economics 2nd Ed, Stigum& Stigum, 1972, Addison-Wesley)
2. Utility is the power of a good to satisfy a want. (Economics 3rd Ed, Umbreit. Hunt, Kinter, 1957, McGraw-Hill)
3. Utility is a consumer’s perception of his or her own happiness and satisfaction. (Economics Analysis-Theory and Application 6th Ed, S. Charles Maurice & Owen R. Phillips, 1992, Richard D. IRWIN)
4. Utility is a numeric indicator of a person’s preferences in which higher levels of utility indicate a greater preference. (Taylor Economics 3rd Ed, John. B. Taylor, 2001,Houghton Miffilin)
5. Utility is a measure of well-being, used to compare choice. When the consumption of a good or service improve well-being, we shall talk about this as causing an increase in utility. (Introductory Economics, Michael Veseth, 1981, Academic Press)